All algorithms

Stack (LIFO)

A stack is a Last-In-First-Out container. push adds to the top, pop removes from the top, peek reads the top without removing. All three operations are O(1).

time push/pop/peek O(1)
space O(n)

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Pseudocode
push(x): elements.append(x); top = len-1
pop():   x = elements[top]; elements.pop(); top -= 1; return x
peek():  return elements[top]